Variations in crude oil density are shown as function of temperatur, together with volume correction factors.ĭensities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic ChloridesĬhanges in density of aqueous solutions with changes in concentration at 20☌. Specific volume, enthalpy and entropy of compressed water. Hot and cold water service systems - design properties, capacities, sizing and more.Ĭompressed Water - Properties vs. Steam & condensate systems- properties, capacities, pipe sizing, systems configuration and more. Material properties of gases, fluids and solids - densities, specific heats, viscosities and more. See also Properties of Water - Imperial Units and Water - Thermodynamic Properties - SI unitsĭensities of solids, liquids and gases. Specific volume (0-212☏ at 1 atm, >212 ☏ at saturation pressure) Water specific volume at temperatures given in degree Fahrenheit: Water - Specific Volume vs. Specific volume (0-100☌ at 1 atm, >100 ☌ at saturation pressure) Water specific volume at temperatures given in degree Celcius: Water - Specific Volume vs. See also Water Boiling points at high pressure, Boiling points at vacuum pressure, Density, specific weight and thermal expansion coefficient, Dynamic and kinematic viscosity, Enthalpy and entropy, Heat of vaporization, Ionization Constant, pK w, of normal and heavy water, Melting points at high pressure, Saturation pressure, Specific gravity and Specific heat (heat capacity) for online calculatores, and similar figures and tables as shown below. See Water and Heavy Water - thermodynamic properties. The specific volume of water depends on temperature as shown below: The output specific volume is given as cm 3 /g, ft 3 /lb, gal(US liq)/lb and ft 3 / sl. The calculator below can be used to calculate the liquid water specific volume at given temperatures. Table 14.1 - Densities of Some Common Substances SolidsĪs you can see by examining Table 14.Specific volume is the inverse of density, or the ratio of the volume to the mass of a substance: Plasma will not be discussed in depth in this chapter because plasma has very different properties from the three other common phases of matter, discussed in this chapter, due to the strong electrical forces between the charges. At high temperatures, molecules may disassociate into atoms, and atoms disassociate into electrons (with negative charges) and protons (with positive charges), forming a plasma. There exists one other phase of matter, plasma, which exists at very high temperatures. In this chapter, we generally refer to both gases and liquids simply as fluids, making a distinction between them only when they behave differently. When placed in an open container, gases, unlike liquids, will escape. This makes gases relatively easy to compress and allows them to flow (which makes them fluids). In contrast, atoms in gases are separated by large distances, and the forces between atoms in a gas are therefore very weak, except when the atoms collide with one another. Because the atoms are closely packed, liquids, like solids, resist compression an extremely large force is necessary to change the volume of a liquid. When a liquid is placed in a container with no lid, it remains in the container. That is, liquids flow (so they are a type of fluid), with the molecules held together by mutual attraction. This occurs because the atoms or molecules in a liquid are free to slide about and change neighbors. Liquids deform easily when stressed and do not spring back to their original shape once a force is removed. A gas must be held in a closed container to prevent it from expanding freely and escaping. (c) Atoms in a gas move about freely and are separated by large distances. Forces between the atoms strongly resist attempts to compress the atoms. (b) Atoms in a liquid are also in close contact but can slide over one another. \): (a) Atoms in a solid are always in close contact with neighboring atoms, held in place by forces represented here by springs.
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